Revision notes · Lecture 4 · Free

Measures of disease frequency

In one line: count the new cases and you have incidence (risk). Count all the cases and you have prevalence (burden).

What this lecture's questions test

Out of the 30 questions on this lecture:

IdeaQuestions
Incidence or prevalence: which one to use7
Two kinds of incidence5
Prevalence = incidence × duration6
Case fatality or mortality5
Calculations7

1. Incidence or prevalence?

If the question is about…Use
New cases, risk of getting it, cause, a prevention programmeIncidence
Existing cases, burden, planning services, "at a point in time"Prevalence
  • Gradual onset (diabetes, hypertension): the start date is unknowable, so use prevalence.
  • Recurrent episodes (colds, diarrhoea, asthma attacks): count episodes, so use incidence.
  • A lasting condition (a diabetic foot ulcer): use prevalence.
  • Birth rate is not a measure of disease frequency.

Remember it: incidence is the tap (new water coming in). Prevalence is the water in the tub.

2. Prevalence = incidence × duration

The tub empties through two drains: cure and death.

Prevalence goes up withPrevalence goes down with
Longer durationShorter duration
Low cure rateHigh cure rate
Low case fatality (people survive longer)High case fatality
Patients moving inPatients moving out
Better case detection
  • Chronic disease → high prevalence, low incidence.
  • Acute disease → high incidence, low prevalence.

Trap: "low case fatality" sounds like good news, but it raises prevalence, because more people stay ill for longer.

3. The two kinds of incidence

Cumulative incidenceIncidence density
Also calledRisk, incidence proportion, attack rateIncidence rate
Numerator (top)New casesNew cases (or episodes)
Denominator (bottom)People at risk at the startPerson-time at risk
A true rate?No, a proportionYes
  • Leave out people who already have the disease, from the numerator and the denominator. They are not at risk.
  • Person-time: add up how long each person was watched, stopping when they get the disease or leave the study.
  • Prevalence never uses person-time. Only incidence density does.

4. Case fatality or mortality?

CalculationTells you
Case fatality ratioDeaths ÷ casesSeverity: how deadly it is for those who get it
Disease-specific mortalityDeaths ÷ whole populationImpact on the population
  • Case fatality is not a true rate: there is no time in its denominator.

Remember it: look at the denominator. Cases → case fatality. Everyone → mortality.

5. The calculations

"Per 1000" means × 1000. 1,00,000 = one lakh = 100,000.

  • Prevalence: 30 cases in 6,000 people → 30 ÷ 6,000 × 1000 = 5 per 1000.
  • Case fatality: 4 deaths among 80 cases → 4 ÷ 80 = 5%. Ignore distractors such as "how many were admitted".
  • Incidence density: 600 episodes in 200 children watched for a year → 600 ÷ 200 = 3 episodes per child-year.
  • Person-years: 50 people for a year, 5 get the disease, then 45 people for a year → 50 + 45 = 95 person-years.
  • Incidence with old cases present: 200 people, 20 already ill, 18 new cases → 18 ÷ (200 − 20) = 10%.

Last look before the exam

  1. New cases → incidence. All cases → prevalence.
  2. Is a prevention programme working? → incidence.
  3. Prevalence = incidence × duration. Low case fatality raises it.
  4. Person-time → incidence density only.
  5. Case fatality = severity (÷ cases). Mortality = impact (÷ population).

Practise lecture 4’s 30 questions